Table of higher and lower heating values (MJ/kg) and stoichiometric air of fuels: hydrogen, methane, propane, butane, isooctane, ethanol, methanol and more.
| Fuel | Formula | State | HHV (higher) (MJ/kg) | LHV (lower) (MJ/kg) | HHV (kJ/mol) | Stoichiometric air (kg air/kg) | Adiabatic flame T (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hydrogen | H2 | gas | 141.8 | 120 | 285.83 | 34.29 | 2520 |
| Carbon monoxide | CO | gas | 10.1 | 10.1 | 282.97 | 2.468 | 2660 |
| Carbon (graphite) | C | solid | 32.76 | 32.76 | 393.51 | 11.51 | 2460 |
| Methane (natural gas) | CH4 | gas | 55.51 | 50.03 | 890.57 | 17.24 | 2320 |
| Ethane | C2H6 | gas | 51.9 | 47.51 | 1560.7 | 16.09 | 2380 |
| Propane | C3H8 | gas | 50.32 | 46.33 | 2219.2 | 15.68 | 2390 |
| n-Butane | C4H10 | gas | 49.5 | 45.72 | 2877.4 | 15.46 | 2390 |
| Ethylene | C2H4 | gas | 50.3 | 47.17 | 1411.2 | 14.79 | 2560 |
| Acetylene | C2H2 | gas | 49.97 | 48.28 | 1301 | 13.27 | 2900 |
| Ammonia | NH3 | gas | 22.48 | 18.6 | 382.81 | 6.089 | 2100 |
| Methanol | CH3OH | liquid | 22.67 | 19.92 | 726.26 | 6.472 | 2220 |
| Ethanol | C2H5OH | liquid | 29.67 | 26.81 | 1367 | 9.003 | 2290 |
| Benzene | C6H6 | liquid | 41.83 | 40.14 | 3267.6 | 13.27 | 2500 |
| n-Heptane | C7H16 | liquid | 48.07 | 44.56 | 4816.9 | 15.18 | 2390 |
| Isooctane (2,2,4-trimethylpentane) | C8H18 | liquid | 47.81 | 44.34 | 5461.4 | 15.13 | 2380 |
HHV with the product water as liquid; LHV with the water as vapor. Computed by Simuveliq with the 298.15 K formation enthalpies of NASA CEA (fuel + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O; ammonia nitrogen leaves as N₂). Stoichiometric air with 20.95 mol % O₂. Adiabatic flame temperature with stoichiometric air at 25 °C, complete combustion and no dissociation (NASA CEA polynomials): the real one is about 100–300 K lower, more so the hotter the flame.
Source: NASA CEA: McBride, Zehe and Gordon, NASA/TP-2002-211556 (Apache-2.0), formation enthalpies at 298.15 K. ↗
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